Jewish History Soundbites

The primary focus on the Chofetz Chaim's (1839-1933) legacy to the Jewish People is understandably his seforim and various public policy initiatives. He bequeathed a more personal legacy as well- his family. His descendants form quite a diverse group. Some of his progeny played pivotal roles in both the writing, editing and selling of his seforim, while others assisted with the administration of the Radin Yeshiva. Still others accompanied him through his communal activist work. And yet others forged their own path. With an overview of the Chofetz Chaim's family, and how he related to them as a husband, father & grandfather, we can get a glimpse of a more personal side of the influence and impact of arguable the greatest Jewish leader in recent history.

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With the current atmosphere being that one has to excuse oneself to justify not travelling to Rabbeinu for Rosh Hashana, it's worthwhile examining the historical roots of this phenomenon. What was the historical context in which R' Nosson of Nemirov made the Rosh Hashana pilgrimage the core of Breslov chassidus? How did the Uman visit look like throughout the years? In the interwar period, Breslov chassidim encountered a challenge that threatened the future of the movement. The Iron Curtain prevented the Chassidim in Poland from reaching Uman. How would they adapt to the new situation? Finally, in the post war era, with the resurgence of Breslov, the Rosh Hashana gathering adapts itself to new worlds and new situations till this very day. Music for this episode: “Rabeinu” by Beri Weber https://youtu.be/gJuStPunxIs

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Few leaders in modern times can match the sheer energy and willpower that the Ponovezher Rov- Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman (1886-1969) possessed. From his early days in Telz to his Rabbinate in pre-war Ponevezh, to his rebuilding after the trauma of the Holocaust, he never once stopped his active building the future of the Jewish People. Blessed with natural organizational skills, combined with a talent in dealing with people, he managed to inspire others to jump onto the bandwagon of his various projects. A master fundraiser, he would become a renowned globe trotter, where he would inflame Jewish communities worldwide with his oratory skills and magnetic personality.

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From almost the beginning of the Chassidic movement, a major component of the experience has been the pilgrimage to bask in the Rebbe's presence at his court. More often than not, this took place around the Yomim Tovim. Why was it important to visit the Rebbe for the Holidays? What was the visit like? What went on there? In the inter-war period, perhaps the most famous of the Chassidic courts was in Ger (Gora Kalwaria). With tens of thousands of chassidim converging on this small town for Rosh Hashanah, the atmosphere was electric and truly festive. A fascinating feature of the pilgrimage to Ger was the means of transport. A train line ran from Warsaw to Ger that took it's place in chassidic lore. The Kulaykeh, as it was known, wasn't just a means to an end, but rather became a major component of the visit. Throngs of chassidim would crowd the train, and the Kulaykeh experience essentially transformed into part of the greater Yom Tov visit to Ger.

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Rav Shneur Zalman of Liady (1745?-1812), known as the Alter Rebbe or the Baal Hatanya, was the founder of the Chabad Chassidus and one of most influential leaders in the history of the movement. How did he start out? Was it an easy road to leadership? He was one of the youngest among the students of the Maggid of Mezritch. Following Rav Mendele of Vitebsk to White Russia, he assisted in spreading Chassidus in that vicinity. But it was only following R' Mendele's aliyah in 1777, that R' Shneur Zalman would begin his rise to a leadership position of Chassidim. Slowly he fashioned his court, his own unique brand of Chassidic thought and began to manage the hordes of Chassidim who began arriving at his door. They came to hear his guidance in serving Hashem, his Divrei Torah and to experience the atmosphere of the court of the Alter Rebbe.

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R' Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz (1886-1948) wasn't just a talented educator, a capable school principal, an accomplished organizer and a doer. Above all else, he was a visionary. He saw America as a land of opportunity in a spiritual sense, at a time when most could perceive only materialistic opportunity and a threat to the spiritual. He therefore structured the Yeshiva to reflect his unique philosophy and built a curriculum that had been seldom seen in the annals of the Yeshiva world. At the same time, he reached out and engaged a cadre of dedicated laymen who would form the financial backbone of the Yeshiva activities as well as managing it as the Board of Directors. These amazing people threw all their energies into realizing the vision of building Torah in the United States. Chief among this group was regional director for the IRS named Harry Herskowitz. Harry literally dedicated his life for the success of Torah Vodaath, and helped it sustain and flourish in those early years. His legacy remained in his family and with the other laymen that he influenced with the vision of Yeshiva Torah Vodaath.

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The great political & ideological discussions that marked the interwar period were at their peak, when the greatest calamity to hit the Jewish People instantly transformed the entire dialogue. Rabbinical opinion once again diverged in light of the national catastrophe. Some Rabbis continued with the pre-war pragmatic approach of waiting things out and seeing how the outside factors develop. Others reinforced their pre-war opinions of either support or opposition of the entire Zionist enterprise. The novelty of the post Holocaust world however, saw the emergence of a new stream of Rabbinical opinion, which stated that the calamity that had befallen European Jewry changed the rules of the game. Some mitigated their opposition of Zionism as a result, while others went still further and became full fledged supporters of the creation of a Jewish State. In May 1948, the Rabbinical world responded to yet another development of Zionism, by far the one with the most far reaching consequences- the founding of the State of Israel. Zionism was no longer an ideal or a vision. It was an established fact and a reality that had to be reckoned with. The great Rabbinical leadership from across the ideological spectrum, met the challenge and formulated their opinions accordingly.

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One of the odder stories of the Jewish People under Soviet rule is the forming of the Jewish Autonomous Region of Birobidzhan. Founded by Stalin in 1928 as a territorial solution for the Jewish People, it never quite took off as planned. Harsh living conditions and eventually Stalin's purges prevented any major Jewish growth in the region. However, when Birobidzhan was conceptualized as a realistic option, it caused quite a stir in the Jewish world. Does the Jewish People need a territory to solve it's national woes? That's what the Zionist movement was proposing with the new Jewish Nationalism. Perhaps any territory would suffice, as long as the Jewish Nation had some form of territorial center- even in faraway Birobidzhan. That's how many Jewish socialists and Jewish communists reacted to it's initial founding. The Birobidzhan plan flopped, but the questions of Jewish identity and nationalism continued on as before.

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A gifted leader, with a brilliant mind and a unique approach, Rav Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843–1926) author of the acclaimed Ohr Somayach stands out among the personalities of his day. The 1910 Rabbinical conference in St. Petersburg, was a testing ground for how modern Jewish leadership would grapple with the hot button issues facing the Jews of the Russian Empire. Rav Meir Simcha was one of the respected participants, and he weighed in on the challenges of the time. With panoply of voices and opinions, it wouldn't be a simple matter for his view to hold sway. His Rabbinical leadership in the waning days of the rule of the Czars, gives a glimpse into the challenges of traditional Jewish life at the turn of the century.

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With his appointment as Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem, and subsequently of all of British controlled Palestine, Rav Avraham Yitzchok Hakohen Kook (1875-1935) transitioned into his most active period in the public sphere. While garnering much support and staving off the opposition, he managed to build and accomplish in many areas of Jewish life. Along with other Rabbis, he became a primary architect of the Rabbanut to regulate religious life in the "Yishuv", he invested much in Yeshivas and Jewish education, developed working -albeit often times strained- relationships with officials in the British Government, and managed to build bridges with the secular Zionist leadership as well.

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